马来西亚医疗保健在2020年抗击新冠肺炎疫情中的早期响应

20 November 2021


Safiya Amaran, Ahmad Zulfahmi Mohd Kamaruzaman, Nurul Yaqeen Mohd Esa, and Zaharah Sulaiman

复制引用
已复制!

摘要

The year 2020 saw the emergence of a novel coronavirus—the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2—which has led to an unprecedented pandemic that has shaken the entire world. The pandemic has been a new experience for Malaysia, especially during the implementation of large-scale public health and social measures called the Movement Control Order (MCO). This paper seeks to describe the experiences of the Malaysian healthcare system thus far in combatting the pandemic. The Malaysian healthcare system comprises two main arms: public health and medicine. The public health arm focuses on early disease detection, contact tracing, quarantines, the MCO, and risk stratification strategies in the community. The medical arm focuses on the clinical management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients; it encompasses laboratory services, the devising of clinical setting adjustments, and hospital management for COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Malaysia experienced intense emotions at the beginning of the pandemic, with great uncertainty regarding the pandemic’s outcome, as the world saw a frighteningly high COVID-19 mortality. As of writing (May 30, 2020), Malaysia has passed the peak of its second wave of infections. The experience thus far has helped in preparing the country’s healthcare system to be vigilant and more prepared for future COVID-19 waves. To date, the pandemic has changed many aspects of Malaysia’s life, and people are still learning to adapt to new norms in their lives.


参考资料

  1. Aylward, B., & Wannian, L. (2020). Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf
  2. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., . . . Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  3. Kang, D. (2020, February 1). The shunned: People from virus-hit city tracked, quarantined. AP News. https://apnews.com/7f7336d2ed099936bd59bf8cb7f43756
  4. Lu, D. (2020). Inside Wuhan’s lockdown. New Scientist, 245(3271), 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30376-7
  5. Xinhua. (2020, March 10). All 16 temporary hospitals in Wuhan closed. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/10/c_138863160.htm
  6. The Malaysian Reserve. (2020, January 27). Coronavirus: More thermal scanners to be placed at entry points into Malaysia. https://themalaysianreserve.com/2020/01/27/coronavirus-more-thermal-scanners-to-be-placedat-entry-points-into-malaysia/
  7. Ministry of Health of Malaysia. (2020, April 26). KPK press statement 26 April 2020: Current situation of coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) in Malaysia. https://kpkesihatan.com/2020/04/26/kenyataan-akhbar-kpk-26-april-2020-situasi-semasa-jangkitan-penyakit-coronavirus-2019-covid-19-di-malaysia/
  8. Salim, N., Chan, W. H., Mansor, S., Bazin, N. E., Amaran, S., Mohd Faudzi, A. A., Zainal, A., & Hadi, A. A. (2020). COVID-19 epidemic in Malaysia: Impact of lockdown on infection dynamics [Preprint]. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20057463
  9. Ministry of Health of Malaysia. (2020). Malaysia COVID-19 management guidelines No. 5/2020. Ministry of Health of Malaysia.
  10. Ministry of Health of Malaysia. (2015). Malaysia influenza surveillance protocol. Ministry of Health of Malaysia.
  11. Arumugam, T. (2020, March 12). First sporadic COVID-19 case in Malaysia. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/573951/first-sporadic-covid-19-case-malaysia
  12. Ng, K. (2020, March 16). Coronavirus: Malaysia cases rise by 190 after mosque event as imams urge online services. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/coronavirus-malaysia-cases-southeast-asiamosque-islam-a9403816.html
  13. Ministry of Health of Malaysia. (2020, May 30). KPK press statement 30 May 2020: Current situation of coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) in Malaysia. https://kpkesihatan.com/2020/05/30/kenyataan-akhbar-kpk-30-mei-2020-situasi-semasa-jangkitan-penyakit-coronavirus-2019-covid-19-di-malaysia/
  14. Radzi, R. (2020, April 4). 40,000 Could be quarantined at one time once all 409 centres across Malaysia is ready, says Ismail Sabri. Yahoo! News. https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/40-000-could-quarantined-one-070416557.html
  15. Sam, I. C., & Abu Bakar, S. (2009). Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in Malaysia: The next phase. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 64(2), 105–107.
  16. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  17. Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), Article 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
  18. Lau, H., Khosrawipour, V., Kocbach, P., Mikolajczyk, A., Schubert, J., Bania, J., & Khosrawipour, T. (2020). The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3), Article taaa037. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa037
  19. Thornton, J. (2020). Covid-19: A&E visits in England fall by 25% in week after lockdown. BMJ, 369, Article m1401. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1401
  20. Pulla, P. (2020). Covid-19: India imposes lockdown for 21 days and cases rise. BMJ, 368, Article m1251. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1251
  21. Lavezzo, E., Franchin, E., Ciavarella C., Cuomo-Dannenburg G., Barzon L., Del Vecchio C., Rossi, L., Manganelli, R., Loregian, A., Cattarino, L., Cirillo, V., Labella, M., Perazza, E., Marzaro, M., Santoro, G., Pozza, N., Pagani, S., Urbani, M., Vitaliti, A., . . . Crisanti, A. (2020). Suppression of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the Italian municipality of Vo’. Nature, 584, 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2488-1 (Note: This preprint was later published in Nature; the final published version is used here for academic accuracy).
  22. Fisher, D., & Wilder-Smith, A. (2020). The global community needs to swiftly ramp up the response to contain COVID-19. The Lancet, 395(10230), 1109–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30679-6
  23. Normile, D. (2020, March 17). Coronavirus cases have dropped sharply in South Korea: What’s the secret to its success? Science. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-cases-have-dropped-sharply-south-korea-whats-secret-its-success
  24. Worldometer. (2020). COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic: Coronavirus cases. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
  25. Prime Minister's Office. (2020, March 16). The Prime Minister’s special message on COVID-19. Ministry of Health of Malaysia. https://covid-19.moh.gov.my/terkini/032020/situasi-terkini-16-mac-2020/PERUTUSAN%20KHAS%20YAB%20PM%20-%2016032020%20-%20final.pdf.pdf.pdf
  26. Ministry of Health of Malaysia. (2020). Confirmed COVID-19 cases according to states and districts. Ministry of Health of Malaysia.
  27. Ministry of Health of Malaysia. (2021). SOP Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan Diperketatkan (PKPD) / EMCO. COVID-19 Malaysia. https://covid-19.moh.gov.my/faqsop/sop-perintah-kawalanpergerakan-diperketatkan-pkpd-emco
  28. Kini News Lab. (2020). Covid-19 in Malaysia. Malaysiakini. https://newslab.malaysiakini.com/covid-19/en
  29. Jun, S. W. (2020, March 17). Movement control order not a lockdown, says former health minister. Malay Mail. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/03/17/movement-control-order-not-a-lockdown-says-former-healthminister/1847232
  30. Augustin, R. (2020, March 21). We are willing to help, private hospitals tell health ministry. Free Malaysia Today. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2020/03/21/were-willing-to-help-private-hospitals-tell-healthministry/
  31. Bernama. (2020, March 10). Sungai Buloh Hospital to become centre for infectious diseases. Free Malaysia Today. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2020/03/10/sungai-buloh-hospital-to-become-centre-for-infectious-diseases/
  32. Birruntha, S. (2020, March 26). Private hospitals have been of service to govt in combating COVID-19. The Malaysian Reserve. https://themalaysianreserve.com/2020/03/26/private-hospitals-have-been-of-service-to-govt-in-combating-covid-19/
  33. Ministry of Health of Malaysia. (2020). Garis Panduan Pengurusan COVID-19 di Malaysia No. 5/2020 [COVID-19 management guidelines in Malaysia No. 5/2020]. https://covid-19.moh.gov.my/garis-panduan/garis-panduan-kkm
  34. Ramzdhan, M. (2020, April 14). Dua cara utama 2019-nCoV tersebar: Haiwan ke manusia vs manusia ke manusia [The two main ways 2019-nCoV are spread: Animals to humans vs humans to humans]. DoctorOnCall. https://www.doctoroncall.com.my/pengenalan-coronavirus/penyebaran
  35. The Malaysian Thoracic Society. (2020). The Malaysian Thoracic Society recommendations on inhalational therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. http://mts.org.my/download/MTS_Recommendations_on_Inhalational_Therapy_During_COVID19_Pandemic.pdf
  36. Halid, S. (2020, April 4). UDA Holdings COVID-19 survivor joins pandemic fight, donates blood plasma. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/04/581268/uda-holdings-covid-19-survivor-joins-pandemic-fight-donates-blood-plasma
  37. The Star. (2020, April 5). COVID-19: Malaysia to receive new test kit from South Korea. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/04/581268/uda-holdings-covid-19-survivor-joins-pandemic-fight-donates-blood-plasma
  38. Zainul, E. (2020, April 14). Malaysia has yet to achieve target of conducting 16,500 COVID-19 tests per day. The Edge Markets. https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/malaysia-has-yet-achieve-target-conducting-16500-covid19-tests-day
  39. Our World in Data. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) cases. University of Oxford. https://ourworldindata.org/
  40. Ministry of Health of Malaysia. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019. Ministry of Health of Malaysia, Health Education Division.
  41. World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
  42. Ministry of Health of Malaysia. (2020, March 24). COVID-19: Social distancing guidelines for workplace, home and individuals. https://www.moh.gov.my/moh/resources/Penerbitan/Garis%20Panduan/COVID19/Annex_26_COVID_guide_for_Social_Distancing_24032020.pdf
  43. The Star. (2020, April 12). Full backing for our frontliners. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/education/2020/04/12/full-backing-for-our-frontliners
  44. Chai, J. (2020, March 25). We verified 21 M’sian fundraisers you can donate to in support of COVID-19 relief efforts. Vulcan Post. https://vulcanpost.com/693014/covid19-charity-donation-malaysia-food-medical-supplies/
  45. Rahim, R. (2020, April 12). Queen donates 100 beds to Sungai Buloh Hospital, 50 to Kuala Lumpur Hospital. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/04/12/queen-donates-100-beds-to-sungai-buloh-hospital50-to-kuala-lumpur-hospital
  46. Shah, M. F. (2020, April 11). Johor Sultan donates 42 ventilators to hospital in the state. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/04/11/johor-sultandonates-42-ventilators-to-hospital-in-the-state
  47. Chan, D. (2020, April 11). Health coalition recommends increased COVID-19 testing capacity. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/04/583345/health-coalition-recommends-increased-covid-19-testing-capacity
  48. Ministry of Health of Malaysia. (2020). COVID-19 Malaysia: FAQ MySejahtera. https://covid-19.moh.gov.my/faqsop/mysejahtera
  49. Mills, C. E., Robins, J. M., & Lipsitch, M. (2004). Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza. Nature, 432(7019), 904–906. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03063
  50. World Bank. (2019). Malaysia: Estimating the number of foreign workers: A report from the labor market data for Monetary Policy Task. World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/pt/953091562223517841/Malaysia-Estimating-the-Number-of-Foreign-Workers-A-Reportfrom-the-Labor-Market-Data-for-Monetary-Policy-Task
  51. Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2020, May 31). Malaysia economic performance first quarter 2020. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=100&bul_id=R09wdGZSektvNmw5T1VCeVphNXRqdz09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09
  52. Heijmans, P., Ngui, Y., & Thanthong-Knight, R. (2021, January 22). Economics: Migrant workers making COVID gear most vulnerable in pandemic. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-22/migrant-workers-porousborders-mar-southeast-asia-recovery
  53. Kelly, J., & Morgan, T. (2020, April 6). Coronavirus: Domestic abuse calls up 25% since lockdown, charity says. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52157620
  54. Bernama. (2020, May 5). WAO: Domestic violence calls rise during MCO; more shelters needed. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/crimecourts/2020/05/589944/wao-domestic-violence-calls-rise-duringmco-more-shelters-needed
  55. Syahrul, R. (2020, March 22). PornHub: Malaysia tops Asian countries with most visits during movement control order. Hype. https://hype.my/2020/185003/pornhubmalaysia-tops-asian-countries-with-most-visits-during-movementcontrol-order/

引用

Amaran, S., Kamaruzaman, A. Z. M., Mohd Esa, N. Y., Sulaiman, Z. (2021). Malaysia Healthcare Early Response in Combatting COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 42(6), 425–437. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0117

复制引用 已复制!